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In class-based programming, downcasting, or type refinement, is the act of casting a base or parent class reference, to a more restricted derived class reference. [1] This is only allowable if the object is already an instance of the derived class, and so this conversion is inherently fallible. In many environments, type introspection can be ...
Downcast, downcast shaft. The downcast is the shaft by which fresh air descends into the mine. [6] [19] After a disaster at Hartley Colliery in 1862, legislation decreed that collieries should have two means of entering the coal workings. In effect this meant two shafts which aided ventilation. Downthrow. A fault, when approached from the ...
t. e. In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as the mental disturbance people feel when they realize their cognitions and actions are inconsistent or contradictory. This may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. [1]
CTD stands for conductivity, temperature, and depth. A CTD instrument is an oceanography sonde (French for probe) used to measure the electrical conductivity, temperature, and pressure of seawater. The pressure is closely related to depth. Conductivity is used to determine salinity. The CTD may be incorporated into an array of Niskin bottles ...
Arrays. Read-only data types (sources) can be covariant; write-only data types (sinks) can be contravariant. Mutable data types which act as both sources and sinks should be invariant. To illustrate this general phenomenon, consider the array type. For the type Animal we can make the type Animal[], which is an "array of animals".
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In computer programming, a code smell is any characteristic in the source code of a program that possibly indicates a deeper problem. [1][2] Determining what is and is not a code smell is subjective, and varies by language, developer, and development methodology. The term was popularized by Kent Beck on WardsWiki in the late 1990s. [3]
Comparison of English dictionaries. This is a comparison of English dictionaries, which are dictionaries about the language of English. The dictionaries listed here are categorized into "full-size" dictionaries (which extensively cover the language, and are targeted to native speakers), "collegiate" (which are smaller, and often contain other ...